Why are women living longer than men?

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live so more than men do today and why is this difference growing in the past? There isn't much evidence and we're left with only some solutions. We recognize that biological, behavioral and environmental factors all play a role in the fact that women have longer lives than men, but we don't know exactly how significant the impact of each of these factors is.

In spite of the precise amount, we can say that at a minimum, the reason why women live longer than men do today, but not in the past, has to relate to the fact that certain key non-biological factors have changed. These are the factors that are changing. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Some are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. It is clear that every country is over the diagonal line of parity. This means that a newborn girl from any country can expect to live longer than her younger brother.

The chart above shows that, while the advantage for women exists in all countries, cross-country differences are large. In Russia, women live 10 years longer than males. In Bhutan, the difference is less than half a calendar year.

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In the richer countries, العاب زوجي