Why do women have longer lives than men?

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live much longer than men today and why have these advantages gotten bigger in the past? We only have a few clues and the evidence is not sufficient to support a definitive conclusion. We know that behavioral, biological and environmental factors all play a role in the fact that women have longer life spans than men, However, we're not sure how much the influence of each factor is.

In spite of the amount of weight, we are aware that at least part of the reason women live so much longer than men do today however not as previously, is to be due to the fact that certain significant non-biological elements have changed. The factors changing are numerous. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Others are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. It is clear that every country is above the diagonal line of parity. This implies that a baby girl from any country can expect to live longer than her brothers.

This chart is interesting in that it shows that the advantage of women exists in all countries, difference between countries is huge. In Russia women live 10 years longer than men. In Bhutan, the difference is only half a year.

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In wealthy countries, the female advantage in longevity used to be smaller
Let's now look at how the advantage of women in longevity has changed over time. The next chart compares the male and female lifespans at birth in the US from 1790 to 2014. Two things stand out.

There is an upward trend. Men and women in the United States live longer than they were 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The gap is getting wider: العاب زوجي