Why do women live longer than men?

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live more than men do today and how does this benefit increase in the past? We have only a small amount of evidence and the evidence is not sufficient to reach an informed conclusion. While we are aware that there are biological, psychological, and environmental factors that all play a role in the longevity of women over males, we aren't sure what percentage each factor plays in.

It is known that women live longer than males, regardless of weight. But this is not because of certain non-biological factors have changed. These are the factors that are changing. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Others are more complex. For example, افضل شامبو وبلسم there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for افضل شامبو وبلسم survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that every country is over the line of parity diagonally. This implies that a baby girl from any country can expect to live longer than her brother.

It is interesting to note that while the female advantage exists everywhere, the difference between countries is huge. In Russia women have an average of 10 years more than men. In Bhutan the difference is just half each year.

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In wealthy countries, the longevity advantage for women used to be smaller
Let's look at how the gender advantage in terms of longevity has changed over time. The following chart shows the male and female life expectancy at the birth in the US during the period 1790 to 2014. Two things stand out.

The first is that there is an upward trend. and women in the US live a lot, much longer than they did 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

There is an increasing gap: The female advantage in life expectancy used to be quite small but it increased substantially over the last century.

Using the option 'Change country' on the chart, you will be able to confirm that the two points are also applicable to the other countries having available data: Sweden, France and the UK.