Why do women have longer lives than men?

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What's the reason women are more likely to live longer than men? And why the advantage has grown as time passes? The evidence isn't conclusive and we only have some solutions. While we are aware that there are behavioral, biological as well as environmental factors which play a significant role in women living longer than men, we do not know how much each factor contributes.

In spite of the precise amount of weight, we are aware that a large portion of the reason why women live so much longer than men in the present and not in the past, اوضاع الجماع is to be due to the fact that several fundamental non-biological factors have changed. These factors are changing. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Other are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. As we can see, اوضاع الجماع [simply click the next document] all countries are above the diagonal line of parity - it means that in all nations that a baby girl can be expected to live for longer than a newborn boy.1

This chart is interesting in that it shows that the advantage of women exists in all countries, cross-country differences are large. In Russia women live 10 years longer than men; in Bhutan the difference is less than half an hour.

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The advantage of women in life expectancy was smaller in developed countries as compared to the present.
Let's look at how female longevity advantage has changed in the course of time. The following chart shows the male and female lifespans when they were born in the US during the time period between 1790 and 2014. Two areas stand out.

The first is that there is an upward trend. Men and women in America live longer than they used to a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

And second, there is an ever-widening gap: female advantage in terms of life expectancy used to be quite small, but it grew substantially in the past century.

It is possible to verify that these points are also applicable to other countries with data by clicking the "Change country" option in the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.